1. While most synthetic vitamins are just as useful as the natural forms, controversy has arisen over the
---- of synthetic versus natural forms of vitamin E.

2. The problem of evaluating new biomedical technologies and their relationship both to individuals and to society is----------as technology comes evermore to dominate the biological lives of humans.

3. Animation is the rapid display of a sequence of images, each-----------different from the last, to give the
illusion of motion.

4. With the knowledge that surface and ground waters are resources that can be overused, farmers are paying attention to the methods of conserving and reusing water while --------- the growth of their crops.

5. There is no single person------------ inventing the bicycle since many people independently developed models throughout history that would lead to the creation of bicycle as it is known today

6. Many of the chemical controls for insects and diseases-------- the plants to which they are applied if
they -------.

7. By about 7000 BCE, the tools and skills of Stone Age people ---- sufficiently to enable cultivating groups ---- towns with more than 1,000 people, such as Çatalhöyük in present-day Türkiye.

8. When------ the bedroom, people are advised to choose
colours like aqua green, baby blue, and light pink, which --------to have a calming effect.

9. Plants absorb carbon to create carbohydrate ---- photosynthesis, while other processes, such as the death of organisms, both--------land and in the sea, return carbon to the ground.

10. In many nomadic societies, herd animals like cattle and sheep provide almost the entire basis ---- sustaining people; for instance, the animals are slaughtered for food, and clothing is woven--------- the fibres of their hair.

11. -------scientists have learned more about the chemistry of the atmosphere, our understanding of air pollution has increased rapidly

12. --------Naples, a lively southern Italian city, is famous forits delicious tomatoes and outstanding mozzarella cheese, it is not  surprising that it is also the undisputed ‘home of the pizza’.

13. The era of foragers was the time in human history when--------- human communities lived by searching
out or hunting for foodand---------- things they needed, rather than growing or manufacturing them.

14. Technology is an asset that creates-------- a deep sense of dependency--------- people feel as if they cannot function without it.

15. According to the International Union for Conservation of Nature, more than 19,000 animal and plant species are at risk of becoming extinct, mainly---------- the actions of humans, such as illegal trade, hunting, and habita destruction .

16. The great white butterfly, Pieris brassicae, is normally found in Europe, Africa, and Asia, but it was discoveredin New Zealand in 2010, probably after arriving on a boat New Zealand has become the first country ever (16)---- this invasive butterfly species An elimination plan was quickly (17)-------- by the government to protect
agricultural crops from being destroyed by the invaders P brassicae starts out as a caterpillar that mainly eats brassica crops such as cabbage, broccoli and Brussels sprouts; (18)-------- , it also targets New
Zealand’s 79 native cress species (plants with small leaves that are used in salads), 57 of which are at risk of extinction New Zealand’s Department of Conservation has reported that the caterpillar feeds (19)------ a wide range of host plants and will completely defoliate a plant, and it can travel more than 100 metres to find another Between 2010 and 2014, the department carried out 263,000 searches of 29,000 properties (20)------- wiping out the invasive butterfly Since the campaign finished in December 2014, no great white butterflies have been seen across the country, which means they have been successfully eradicated.

16?

17. The great white butterfly, Pieris brassicae, is normally found in Europe, Africa, and Asia, but it was discoveredin New Zealand in 2010, probably after arriving on a boat New Zealand has become the first country ever (16)---- this invasive butterfly species An elimination plan was quickly (17)-------- by the government to protect
agricultural crops from being destroyed by the invaders P brassicae starts out as a caterpillar that mainly eats brassica crops such as cabbage, broccoli and Brussels sprouts; (18)-------- , it also targets New
Zealand’s 79 native cress species (plants with small leaves that are used in salads), 57 of which are at risk of extinction New Zealand’s Department of Conservation has reported that the caterpillar feeds (19)------ a wide range of host plants and will completely defoliate a plant, and it can travel more than 100 metres to find another Between 2010 and 2014, the department carried out 263,000 searches of 29,000 properties (20)------- wiping out the invasive butterfly Since the campaign finished in December 2014, no great white butterflies have been seen across the country, which means they have been successfully eradicated.

17?

18. The great white butterfly, Pieris brassicae, is normally found in Europe, Africa, and Asia, but it was discoveredin New Zealand in 2010, probably after arriving on a boat New Zealand has become the first country ever (16)---- this invasive butterfly species An elimination plan was quickly (17)-------- by the government to protect
agricultural crops from being destroyed by the invaders P brassicae starts out as a caterpillar that mainly eats brassica crops such as cabbage, broccoli and Brussels sprouts; (18)-------- , it also targets New
Zealand’s 79 native cress species (plants with small leaves that are used in salads), 57 of which are at risk of extinction New Zealand’s Department of Conservation has reported that the caterpillar feeds (19)------ a wide range of host plants and will completely defoliate a plant, and it can travel more than 100 metres to find another Between 2010 and 2014, the department carried out 263,000 searches of 29,000 properties (20)------- wiping out the invasive butterfly Since the campaign finished in December 2014, no great white butterflies have been seen across the country, which means they have been successfully eradicated.

18?

19. The great white butterfly, Pieris brassicae, is normally found in Europe, Africa, and Asia, but it was discoveredin New Zealand in 2010, probably after arriving on a boat New Zealand has become the first country ever (16)---- this invasive butterfly species An elimination plan was quickly (17)-------- by the government to protect
agricultural crops from being destroyed by the invaders P brassicae starts out as a caterpillar that mainly eats brassica crops such as cabbage, broccoli and Brussels sprouts; (18)-------- , it also targets New
Zealand’s 79 native cress species (plants with small leaves that are used in salads), 57 of which are at risk of extinction New Zealand’s Department of Conservation has reported that the caterpillar feeds (19)------ a wide range of host plants and will completely defoliate a plant, and it can travel more than 100 metres to find another Between 2010 and 2014, the department carried out 263,000 searches of 29,000 properties (20)------- wiping out the invasive butterfly Since the campaign finished in December 2014, no great white butterflies have been seen across the country, which means they have been successfully eradicated.

19?

20. The great white butterfly, Pieris brassicae, is normally found in Europe, Africa, and Asia, but it was discoveredin New Zealand in 2010, probably after arriving on a boat New Zealand has become the first country ever (16)---- this invasive butterfly species An elimination plan was quickly (17)-------- by the government to protect
agricultural crops from being destroyed by the invaders P brassicae starts out as a caterpillar that mainly eats brassica crops such as cabbage, broccoli and Brussels sprouts; (18)-------- , it also targets New
Zealand’s 79 native cress species (plants with small leaves that are used in salads), 57 of which are at risk of extinction New Zealand’s Department of Conservation has reported that the caterpillar feeds (19)------ a wide range of host plants and will completely defoliate a plant, and it can travel more than 100 metres to find another Between 2010 and 2014, the department carried out 263,000 searches of 29,000 properties (20)------- wiping out the invasive butterfly Since the campaign finished in December 2014, no great white butterflies have been seen across the country, which means they have been successfully eradicated.

20?

21. In addition to being an unreliable power source, ------.

22. Although many people enjoy the low cost and taste of fast food, ------.

23. Even if most of the herbal medicines are safe to use-------.

24. -----------however, humans cause a great deal of harm to them by overharvesting their limited resources and polluting them with oil and plastics.

25. People have very little incentive to engage in tasks in which they feel incompetent -------.

26. People often underestimate the amount of caffeine they consume on a daily basis -------.

27. The knowledge acquired through curiosity can promote intellectual development, -------?

28. Vaccination introduces dead or weakened disease-causing substances into the body -------.

29. The standard definition of creativity focuses on product a creator is someone who produces something novel within a domain This definition refers to the kind of domain-changing creativity, called Big-C creativity
Big-C creativity describes revolutionary contributions like Thomas Edison’s invention of the light bulb, while Little-C creativity refers to ordinary actions such as creating a new recipe Which of these do children demonstrate? Given that one must master a domain, said to take about ten years, before one can change it, then by definition no child can be a Big-C creator Typical children are Little-C creators Even child prodigies cannot be considered creative in the Big-C sense Mozart’s 5-year-old composition, Minuet and Trio in G major, was stunning for a 5-year old, but it did not change the domain of classical music But, Mozart’s childhood creativity is qualitatively distinct from the creative play seen in a typical preschool classroom, and this has led to the concept of Mini-C creativity Unlike the Big/Little categories, which focus on creative production, the Mini-C category emphasises the creative process Mini-C creativity refers to the novel and personally meaningful interpretation of experiences, actions, and events It aligns with the Vygotskian conception of creative development, which suggests that all individuals possess creative potential that begins with an internalisation of cultural tools, not just copying but rather filtering incoming information through pre-existing knowledge.

According to the passage, the main difference between Big-C creativity and Little-C creativity ------?

30. The standard definition of creativity focuses on product a creator is someone who produces something novel within a domain This definition refers to the kind of domain-changing creativity, called Big-C creativity
Big-C creativity describes revolutionary contributions like Thomas Edison’s invention of the light bulb, while Little-C creativity refers to ordinary actions such as creating a new recipe Which of these do children demonstrate? Given that one must master a domain, said to take about ten years, before one can change it, then by definition no child can be a Big-C creator Typical children are Little-C creators Even child prodigies cannot be considered creative in the Big-C sense Mozart’s 5-year-old composition, Minuet and Trio in G major, was stunning for a 5-year old, but it did not change the domain of classical music But, Mozart’s childhood creativity is qualitatively distinct from the creative play seen in a typical preschool classroom, and this has led to the concept of Mini-C creativity Unlike the Big/Little categories, which focus on creative production, the Mini-C category emphasises the creative process Mini-C creativity refers to the novel and personally meaningful interpretation of experiences, actions, and events It aligns with the Vygotskian conception of creative development, which suggests that all individuals possess creative potential that begins with an internalisation of cultural tools, not just copying but rather filtering incoming information through pre-existing knowledge.

Which of the following can be concluded from the passage?

31. The standard definition of creativity focuses on product a creator is someone who produces something novel within a domain This definition refers to the kind of domain-changing creativity, called Big-C creativity
Big-C creativity describes revolutionary contributions like Thomas Edison’s invention of the light bulb, while Little-C creativity refers to ordinary actions such as creating a new recipe Which of these do children demonstrate? Given that one must master a domain, said to take about ten years, before one can change it, then by definition no child can be a Big-C creator Typical children are Little-C creators Even child prodigies cannot be considered creative in the Big-C sense Mozart’s 5-year-old composition, Minuet and Trio in G major, was stunning for a 5-year old, but it did not change the domain of classical music But, Mozart’s childhood creativity is qualitatively distinct from the creative play seen in a typical preschool classroom, and this has led to the concept of Mini-C creativity Unlike the Big/Little categories, which focus on creative production, the Mini-C category emphasises the creative process Mini-C creativity refers to the novel and personally meaningful interpretation of experiences, actions, and events It aligns with the Vygotskian conception of creative development, which suggests that all individuals possess creative potential that begins with an internalisation of cultural tools, not just copying but rather filtering incoming information through pre-existing knowledge.

What is the primary purpose of the author?

32. Peter Field, a professor at Bangor University in Wales, believes he may have solved the ancient riddle of the location of King Arthur’s legendary city For centuries, historians have debated whether King Arthur and his fabled city of Camelot are fact or fiction, and perhaps the answer is at hand now In December 2016, Field revealed that the location of King Arthur’s city is the small town of Slack in West Yorkshire While historians have speculated that the location, if it exists at all, might be Caerleon in South Wales, Cadbury Castle in Somerset, Tintagel in Cornwall, Cardigan or Carmarthen in Wales, Field asserts that Slack is the most logical place The starting point of Field’s assertion is straightforward An ancient Roman fort stood at a site in Slack called Camulodunum, which may be the origin of the name ‘Camelot’ Also, the time of King Arthur was supposedly around 500 AD, when he would have led Britons against an Anglo-Saxon invasion from the north and west, and Slack is centrally located to send soldiers towards a threat along either coast “It was quite by chance,” the professor relates
“I was looking at some maps, and suddenly it all made sense I believe I may have solved a 1400-year-old mystery ”.

It can be understood from the passage that historians ----?

33. Peter Field, a professor at Bangor University in Wales, believes he may have solved the ancient riddle of the location of King Arthur’s legendary city For centuries, historians have debated whether King Arthur and his fabled city of Camelot are fact or fiction, and perhaps the answer is at hand now In December 2016, Field revealed that the location of King Arthur’s city is the small town of Slack in West Yorkshire While historians have speculated that the location, if it exists at all, might be Caerleon in South Wales, Cadbury Castle in Somerset, Tintagel in Cornwall, Cardigan or Carmarthen in Wales, Field asserts that Slack is the most logical place The starting point of Field’s assertion is straightforward An ancient Roman fort stood at a site in Slack called Camulodunum, which may be the origin of the name ‘Camelot’ Also, the time of King Arthur was supposedly around 500 AD, when he would have led Britons against an Anglo-Saxon invasion from the north and west, and Slack is centrally located to send soldiers towards a threat along either coast “It was quite by chance,” the professor relates
“I was looking at some maps, and suddenly it all made sense I believe I may have solved a 1400-year-old mystery.

Which of the following is true according to the passage?

34. Peter Field, a professor at Bangor University in Wales, believes he may have solved the ancient riddle of the location of King Arthur’s legendary city For centuries, historians have debated whether King Arthur and his fabled city of Camelot are fact or fiction, and perhaps the answer is at hand now In December 2016, Field revealed that the location of King Arthur’s city is the small town of Slack in West Yorkshire While historians have speculated that the location, if it exists at all, might be Caerleon in South Wales, Cadbury Castle in Somerset, Tintagel in Cornwall, Cardigan or Carmarthen in Wales, Field asserts that Slack is the most logical place The starting point of Field’s assertion is straightforward An ancient Roman fort stood at a site in Slack called Camulodunum, which may be the origin of the name ‘Camelot’ Also, the time of King Arthur was supposedly around 500 AD, when he would have led Britons against an Anglo-Saxon invasion from the north and west, and Slack is centrally located to send soldiers towards a threat along either coast “It was quite by chance,” the professor relates
“I was looking at some maps, and suddenly it all made sense I believe I may have solved a 1400-year-old mystery ”.

One can conclude from the passage that the exact location of Camelot -----.

35. The deadliest opponents the human species has faced have never been across a battlefield They have been on our skin and in our blood and bones Viruses and bacteria have killed millions during the course of human history Researchers have unravelled the story of a few, most notably the bacterium Yersinia pestis, which causes plague But findings about the origins of other scourges, including leprosy, hepatitis B and syphilis, have been contradictory Now, two key advances – an increase in ancient DNA samples and powerful computer programs to process the data – are allowing scientists to study disease-causing bacteria and viruses like never before “There was a very small amount of ancient human virus samples until recently,” says Terry Jones, a computational biologist at the University of Cambridge “In terms of being ‘ancient’, 300 years was considered old, and there were only two or three samples Now we re finding viruses up to 7000 years old ” Studying viruses and bacteria from the past helps scientists know what may happen in the future and how it can be tackled.

According to the passage, which of the following is true about viruses and bacteria?

36. The deadliest opponents the human species has faced have never been across a battlefield They have been on our skin and in our blood and bones Viruses and bacteria have killed millions during the course of human history Researchers have unravelled the story of a few, most notably the bacterium Yersinia pestis, which causes plague But findings about the origins of other scourges, including leprosy, hepatitis B and syphilis, have been contradictory Now, two key advances – an increase in ancient DNA samples and powerful computer programs to process the data – are allowing scientists to study disease-causing bacteria and viruses like never before “There was a very small amount of ancient human virus samples until recently,” says Terry Jones, a computational biologist at the University of Cambridge “In terms of being ‘ancient’, 300 years was considered old, and there were only two or three samples Now we re finding viruses up to 7000 years old ” Studying viruses and bacteria from the past helps scientists know what may happen in the future and how it can be tackled.

Which of the following conclusions could be drawn from the passage?

37. The deadliest opponents the human species has faced have never been across a battlefield They have been on our skin and in our blood and bones Viruses and bacteria have killed millions during the course of human history Researchers have unravelled the story of a few, most notably the bacterium Yersinia pestis, which causes plague But findings about the origins of other scourges, including leprosy, hepatitis B and syphilis, have been contradictory Now, two key advances – an increase in ancient DNA samples and powerful computer programs to process the data – are allowing scientists to study disease-causing bacteria and viruses like never before “There was a very small amount of ancient human virus samples until recently,” says Terry Jones, a computational biologist at the University of Cambridge “In terms of being ‘ancient’, 300 years was considered old, and there were only two or three samples Now we re finding viruses up to 7000 years old ” Studying viruses and bacteria from the past helps scientists know what may happen in the future and how it can be tackled.

What is the primary purpose of the author?

38. When scientists from the University of California excavated a 9000-year-old grave in the Andes Mountains of Peru, they were in for a major surprise The grave included many well-made knives and spearheads, which is a clear indication of the dead being a well-respected hunter The scientists found bones from deer and llama, together with tools for butchering the animals The real surprise came from the hunter’s own bones, which were thin and light, making scientists suspect that it could be a woman This was confirmed by the examination of the protein amelogenin in the tooth enamel, which showed that the hunter’s dental enamel lacked Y chromosome-specific amelogenin As a result, it was revealed that the hunter, estimated to have died at the age of 17-19, was indeed a woman The discovery challenges the conception of hunter-gatherer communities in which men hunted while women took care of other chores such as collecting roots, fruits, and berries The scientists broadened their studies with excavation reports from 107 Stone Age graves from 8000+ years ago across South and North America The results showed that there were 26 graves with hunting weapons, and 10 of them probably belonged to women, which allowed archaeologists to reshape their views about Stone Age gender roles.

Which can be said about the findings from the excavation of a 9000-year-old grave in Peru?

39. When scientists from the University of California excavated a 9000-year-old grave in the Andes Mountains of Peru, they were in for a major surprise The grave included many well-made knives and spearheads, which is a clear indication of the dead being a well-respected hunter The scientists found bones from deer and llama, together with tools for butchering the animals The real surprise came from the hunter’s own bones, which were thin and light, making scientists suspect that it could be a woman This was confirmed by the examination of the protein amelogenin in the tooth enamel, which showed that the hunter’s dental enamel lacked Y chromosome-specific amelogenin As a result, it was revealed that the hunter, estimated to have died at the age of 17-19, was indeed a woman The discovery challenges the conception of hunter-gatherer communities in which men hunted while women took care of other chores such as collecting roots, fruits, and berries The scientists broadened their studies with excavation reports from 107 Stone Age graves from 8000+ years ago across South and North America The results showed that there were 26 graves with hunting weapons, and 10 of them probably belonged to women, which allowed archaeologists to reshape their views about Stone Age gender roles.

Which could be understood from the passage?

40. When scientists from the University of California excavated a 9000-year-old grave in the Andes Mountains of Peru, they were in for a major surprise The grave included many well-made knives and spearheads, which is a clear indication of the dead being a well-respected hunter The scientists found bones from deer and llama, together with tools for butchering the animals The real surprise came from the hunter’s own bones, which were thin and light, making scientists suspect that it could be a woman This was confirmed by the examination of the protein amelogenin in the tooth enamel, which showed that the hunter’s dental enamel lacked Y chromosome-specific amelogenin As a result, it was revealed that the hunter, estimated to have died at the age of 17-19, was indeed a woman The discovery challenges the conception of hunter-gatherer communities in which men hunted while women took care of other chores such as collecting roots, fruits, and berries The scientists broadened their studies with excavation reports from 107 Stone Age graves from 8000+ years ago across South and North America The results showed that there were 26 graves with hunting weapons, and 10 of them probably belonged to women, which allowed archaeologists to reshape their views about Stone Age gender roles.

What is the passage mainly about?

41. The advent of the field of paediatrics in the 19th century was central to the evolution of scientific child rearing Physicians acquired greater influence over family life throughout the century, but it was not until 1887 that the American Paediatric Society was established and the idea of thorough infant health care took hold Paediatricians orchestrated campaigns to combat infant mortality, initiated regularly scheduled examinations, and pronounced themselves as authorities on infant feeding During the World War I era, child health activists sponsored infant welfare clinics and milk stations In both rural and urban areas, mothers gathered at settlement houses, county fairs, and government offices to have their babies weighed, measured, and receive milk But most of all, in these venues, mothers learned that there were scientific rationales for psychological as well as for physical care Physicians and nurses offered advice on feeding, clothing, and how to respond to a crying infant However, there was variability in the extent to which mothers accepted scientific authority over their mothering practices Poor mothers, especially, were often receptive to suggestions concerning sanitation and nutrition, while remaining sceptical about the idea that science should determine their techniques of nurture and discipline.

It is clear from the passage that after the establishment of the American Paediatric Society,----?

42. The advent of the field of paediatrics in the 19th century was central to the evolution of scientific child rearing Physicians acquired greater influence over family life throughout the century, but it was not until 1887 that the American Paediatric Society was established and the idea of thorough infant health care took hold Paediatricians orchestrated campaigns to combat infant mortality, initiated regularly scheduled examinations, and pronounced themselves as authorities on infant feeding During the World War I era, child health activists sponsored infant welfare clinics and milk stations In both rural and urban areas, mothers gathered at settlement houses, county fairs, and government offices to have their babies weighed, measured, and receive milk But most of all, in these venues, mothers learned that there were scientific rationales for psychological as well as for physical care Physicians and nurses offered advice on feeding, clothing, and how to respond to a crying infant However, there was variability in the extent to which mothers accepted scientific authority over their mothering practices Poor mothers, especially, were often receptive to suggestions concerning sanitation and nutrition, while remaining sceptical about the idea that science should determine their techniques of nurture and discipline.

According to the passage, which was the most significant development in infant health care during the World War I era?

43. The advent of the field of paediatrics in the 19th century was central to the evolution of scientific child rearing Physicians acquired greater influence over family life throughout the century, but it was not until 1887 that the American Paediatric Society was established and the idea of thorough infant health care took hold Paediatricians orchestrated campaigns to combat infant mortality, initiated regularly scheduled examinations, and pronounced themselves as authorities on infant feeding During the World War I era, child health activists sponsored infant welfare clinics and milk stations In both rural and urban areas, mothers gathered at settlement houses, county fairs, and government offices to have their babies weighed, measured, and receive milk But most of all, in these venues, mothers learned that there were scientific rationales for psychological as well as for physical care Physicians and nurses offered advice on feeding, clothing, and how to respond to a crying infant However, there was variability in the extent to which mothers accepted scientific authority over their mothering practices Poor mothers, especially, were often receptive to suggestions concerning sanitation and nutrition, while remaining sceptical about the idea that science should determine their techniques of nurture and discipline.

Why does the author refer to the scepticism of poor mothers towards scientific suggestions?

44. Louise
–These days, my sister is always saying that she doesn’t feel healthy and energetic, but she isn’t ill or doesn’t suffer from a particular disease

Kate
–--------------

Louise
–So you say factors like high stress and heavy workload might cause her to feel less vigorous

Kate
–Exactly! Your sister may be in need of emotional support to overcome her problems, and this could be why she always says she doesn’t feel good

45. Daisy
–Did you know that keeping that small bulb on during the night in your bedroom negatively affects your health?

John
–No, I don’t buy into that story as I love having some light all night long even while sleeping It may at most cause some difficulty while falling asleep

Daisy
–You’ll be surprised when you learn about a new research report on the use of light during the night

John
–------------------

Daisy
–Well, researchers claim that people who sleep with a light on in their bedroom are more likely to be overweight or have type 2 diabetes

46. Richard
–Last night, I watched a documentary about how researchers decipher the sounds bats use to communicate

Laura
–----------

Richard
–They claim that the majority of bat interactions are over food

Laura
–Actually, this isn’t very surprising, because food is the basic requirement of all living beings

47. Matthew
–Back to our homework, do you know why ants walk in a line?

Russell
–Well, they rely heavily on chemical scents, which are called pheromones The tips of their
antennae transmit the pheromones, guiding other ants to or from the desired destination

Matthew
–--------------

Russell
–Exactly! The scents ants give off have many other functions besides helping to identify locations, like signalling the presence of predators to defend their territories

48. Journalist
–So, you’ve earned several awards for your photos with stunning images of the microscopic world Can you tell us what the state of microscopy was when you started in the late 1970s?

Researcher
–Techniques and instruments were similar to those used for decades We shot everything on film since there were few computers and no digital cameras

Journalist
–-----------

Researcher
–There is a need to improve our ability to image scales between macro and micro For example, imaging the structure of the brain, all the way down to the individual proteins Currently, there’s no way to continuously image that entire range

49. Thanks to its contribution to many technological advances, chemistry has flourished as a remarkable branch of science since the early 19th century.

50. Climate change may make floods more severe in the future, but scientists remain uncertain about how to prevent them in an efficient way.

51. Elephants bathe and roll in the mud as a protective measure since, despite the thickness of their skin, they are sensitive to intense sun.

52. We cannot properly assess a student’s educational achievement unless we analyse the teaching methods and the learning environment.

53. Hallucinations are sensations that appear real but are not evoked by anything in our external environment.

54. One of your colleagues has been given an assignment that he’s not comfortable with He asks you whether you can help him But you also sense that he tries to make you do most of the work for him To comfort him and also avoid doing the work, you say: -------------------

55. You’re invited to your new neighbour’s party When you arrive at his house, you’re surprised to see that everyone’s wearing a costume Feeling awkward in a suit, you calmly say to the host that he should have informed you to dress in a costume: -----------

56. One of your friends has been following a strict diet mainly consisting of fruits and vegetables, and she does not consume any carbohydrates or dairy products Recognising the importance of having a balanced diet to maintain good health, you firmly warn your friend about this issue: ----------

57. One of your friends has invited you to do yoga, but none of you has any knowledge about how to practise yoga Although she s very enthusiastic about it, you re scared of wasting your time with ineffective exercises or even hurting yourself So, you come up with a solution not to frustrate her and say: -----------

58. You overhear some of your classmates discussing that reading a print book is no longer necessary since people can listen to audio books or watch films based on such books Yet, you adopt a positive stance towards reading print books and join the discussion: ------------

59. Children’s fascination with television has concerned researchers and parents ever since the medium was introduced Much of the debate has been focused on the effects of media violence, which has resulted in much analysis by psychologists and sociologists--------- Other worries have been about children’s physical condition, such as too little exercise or the effect of radiation from the screen on the brain or eyes.

60. Our bodies contain a large amount of water, typically between 50 and 70 percent of our total body mass The majority of this is in the approximately 30 trillion cells that make up the body, while the rest is in fluids such as the blood-------------- This transport role is more obvious, for example, when carrying material around the bloodstream It also lubricates, dissolves valuable chemicals, and acts as a shock absorber for organs, so it is hard to find a part of the body where water does not play a role ─------------- even bones are around one-third water.

61. Much can be learned about the early histories of tribes by studying their languages It can be discovered, for example, that two tribes might have been one group in earlier times and then divided before Europeans came to the Americas------------Even if tribes spoke similar languages, they would have different ways of life if they lived in different environments People on the plains would live differently than woodland people, for instance, whether they spoke the same language or not.

62. Some people fear that while computers relieve humans of repetitive tasks, they may also deskill workers who forget how to do such tasks by hand Others suggest that having to cope with computers while working adds extra stress, raises expectations of promptness, and requires ongoing retraining of workers---------- What is worse, as people depend more on computers, they become more vulnerable to system failure If the world’s computers should fail all at once, economic and social chaos might occur.

63. Firmness refers to the degree and consistency of limits that parents impose on their child’s behaviour Firm parents clearly articulate the rules they expect their child to follow, and they make demands on the child to behave in a mature and responsible fashion------------ In contrast, parents who are more tolerant have few rules for their child’s behaviour or have rules but enforce them inconsistently In the absence of clear rules, children come to feel that it is impossible to know what is, or what is not, acceptable behaviour.

64. Scientific studies have shown that social media users who mostly follow strangers tend to feel that other people live better lives than they do.

65. Humanism, which originated in Italy in the 14th century and rapidly spread throughout Europe in the following centuries, is a philosophical movement emphasising the dignity of the human being.

66. The significance of the behaviourist theory began to decline after the renowned linguist Noam Chomsky demonstrated that the behaviourist model could not account for the process of language acquisition.

67. Criminal activities on the Internet differ from crimes committed in real life since the criminal is not physically present at the scene of the crime and may even be located in another country.

68. Two-thirds of the coral in the northern parts of Australia’s Great Barrier Reef has disappeared over the past ten years as a result of bleaching caused by a surge in ocean temperatures, which is triggered by a climate phenomenon called El Niño.

69. Dictionaries, which list the words in a language in alphabetical order, explain what they mean or provide their equivalents in a foreign language.

70. Tarihçiler, antik Mısırlıların kokularını ve dış görünüşlerini iyileştirmek için deodoranttan diş macununa kadar dünyanın ilk kişisel bakım ürünlerinden bazılarını icat etmiş olabileceğini öne sürmektedir.

71. Güneş’in azalan hareketi sera gazlarının iklim üzerindeki etkisini zayıflatabilir ki bu da bize yeşil enerjiye geçmek ve yüksek miktarda karbondioksit salan beton ve çeliğe alternatifler bulmak için fazladan zaman kazandırır.

72. Galileo’nun, teorileri dikkatli gözlem ve ölçülebilir deneyler ile test etme konusundaki ısrarı onun modern bilimin kurucularından biri olduğunu gösterir.

73. Toplu taşıma sistemleri özel otomobilden daha çevre dostudur ancak bu sistemlerin arzu edilen özelliklerinden daha ağır basan birçok ciddi eksikliği vardır.

74. Sözcükler iletişimin önemli bir parçası olsa da yüz ifadelerimiz ve duruşumuz gibi kendimizi ifade ettiğimiz pek çok farklı yol vardır ve bu ipuçlarını kullanarak bir kişinin ruh hâlini çözümleyebiliriz.

75. 20 yüzyılın en seçkin düşünürlerinden biri olan Sigmund Freud, davranışı şekillendiren biyolojik
ve kültürel etkenleri açıklamak için dinamik bir teori geliştiren Avusturyalı bir doktordu.

76. (I) Crying is not a matter of frustration caused by the baby’s inability to express itself verbally – that would imply that the baby is aware of formal language but does not have the ability to use it (II) On the contrary, for the first few weeks, crying is a reflexive property and is thought to have no emotional reasons (III) In fact, crying is a very important aspect of infant development that acts as a tool for communication (IV) Newborns do not have the psychological capacity to hold an emotion such as fear or irritation, so their cries are not a result of emotional imbalances (V) They are just an involuntary reaction to pain, hunger, and tiredness.

77. (I) Imhotep was the first physician in recorded history, and as the architect of Egypt’s first pyramid, he is also the earliest artist and engineer whose name has been preserved (II) Rising above 60 metres, Imhotep’s step pyramid is the world’s first building constructed completely of quarried stone (III) Born a commoner, Imhotep distinguished himself as a skilled and intelligent administrator during the reign of Pharaoh Djoser from 2630 to 2611 BCE (IV) Although he was greatly respected after death, Imhotep’s many achievements in life may have been exaggerated by later generations (V) His esteemed position and reputation, though, lend belief to his skill as a physician .

78. (I) In recent years, many organisations have made use of teams in the workplace, most of which operate autonomously (II) In these teams, a supervisor gives little direction to the team, and team members manage themselves (III) The success of such teams depends greatly on team members, including their professional capabilities and their ability to work together
(IV) However, periodic meetings may be necessary to avoid problems associated with too much autonomy
(V) When they have a large variety of business and communication skills and are willing to act as a group, the diversity of their skills and social harmony can greatly enhance an organisation’s ability to be flexible and innovative.

79. (I) Some parts of the world get much more rain than others (II) Where rainfall is higher, farmers can grow a wider variety of crops for sale (III) The wettest regions are mostly rainforest zones, where year-round rain and warmth promote healthy plant growth (IV) Regions of moderate rainfall are naturally forests and grasslands, although most of this land is now used for farming
(V) The driest regions may be too dry for many plants to grow, creating deserts, but they also include some northern forest zones and polar tundra

80. (I) Anger, a feeling of great annoyance or antagonism, results from the experience of extreme displeasure
(II) It is a basic emotion that first appears when infants are three to four months old (III) Anger among infants is characterised by a facial expression involving eyebrows that are lowered and drawn together, eyes that are narrowed, and a mouth that is opened and angular (IV) In fact, securely attached infants are more likely to develop skilful self-regulatory behaviour in relation to anger during early childhood (V) Angry infants may also engage in a loud cry in which excess air is forced through the vocal cords.